|
 My own research on racial exclusion in Brazil has given me ample reason to believe that this environment exists only because the majority of Brazil's pretos and pardos still don't seem to understand what their phenotype has to do with their chances for success in life.
But I must also acknowledge the fact that there does exist a consciousness amongst a proportion of afrodescendentes that is able to see through the smokescreen of Brazil's presumed racial exceptionalism. For many of them, the dream of achieving an actual racial democracy is worth more than the social destruction of the country as a whole. In this sense, images and memories of the oft-cited racial antagonism that is so key to understanding American (US), South African and German societies act as a constant reminder, etched in the consciousness of the Brazilian of what a society should not be. At best, it is an acceptable premise; at worst, it is the most dangerous form of denial, a way of fleeing from the scene of the crime. Brazil 's racial exceptionalism is predicated on the continuous oppression of the would-be black Brazilian. In order to eliminate a perceived threat to the established racial hierarchy, people of visible African ancestry must be taught to adore everything in proximity to the European ideal while despising anything that could indicate African origins. This painful denial of self is an ongoing process that has been imbedded in the psyche of the afrodescendente since the 16th century. As Nilma Gomes explains: "This insidious process is many times incorporated by the victims themselves that go on to believe in the existence of something natural in this distancing. The negros, that are socially and psychologically convinced in this supposed reality, develop strategies that they believe brings them closer to the most socially desired position. Manipulating and altering the symbols ideologically seen as expressions of their supposed social and biological distancing from the pole of power, the standard of beauty and humanity are tasks implemented by the subjects that fall into this trap. (1) Malcolm X once said that the worst thing that the white man ever did was to make black people hate themselves. There is ample evidence of this self-hatred in the countless comments and testimonies of afrodescendentes who wished their hair were straighter, their skin lighter, noses and lips thinner. That seed of self-hatred spawns the fruit of self-hatred as the afrodescendente procures a lighter/whiter partner in order that they may "improve the race" by having lighter/whiter children whose privilege of whiteness ultimately blinds them to the injustices experienced by his/her darker parent and all those who look like them. According to many of the widely circulated insults directed at the afrodescendente, blacks are monkeys (macacos), shameless, dirty and mischievous (negro safado), made of excrement (negro de merda), and disgusting (negro nojento). Accordingly, they still belong in the slave house (senzala). This is what Denise Medeiros Rocha of Rio said to her neighbor's husband, Cláudio Costa Ferreira, on Christmas Eve of 2005. (2) A quick Google search of all of these terms will show that they are quite common insults. For many Brazilian citizens, blacks still "aren't people", so many afrodescendentes will try to align themselves and their descendents with their only choice in their desire of being something in which their humanity will be respected. Again, quoting Fanon: "I will simply try to make myself white: that is, I will compel the white man to acknowledge that I am human. " (3) After planting the seeds of this racial hatred of self over a period of nearly 500 years, the whiter looking Brazilian mestiço points to his/her more African looking brother and sister and accuses him/her of being their own worst enemies. By placing the blame on the afrodescendente, the Brazilian refuses to emphasize that it is the white Brazilian, the "holder of economic power and social prestige that has the opportunity of disseminating their racist ideology and consequently convincing a great part of the black population that their condition of inferiority is natural. " (4) In reality, racial dominance and white supremacy could not function if it were any other way. In closing this piece, I would like to pose a question to those who continue to see the US as a racial hell while hailing Brazil as a racial paradise. Let us imagine that neither Jim Crow era United States nor apartheid era South Africa ever existed as such. Let us imagine that these societies and any other societies that are considered to be racist actually treated all members of their multi-racial societies with complete equality. That would mean that there would be full participation in every strata of mainstream society for all races. Then, let us imagine that Brazil continued to maintain a society in which beauty, power, wealth and success was represented by whiteness while favelas, ugliness, poverty and exclusion were represented by blacks. Without a United States or a South Africa to point to as the "real" racists, and the rest of world wondering why the society was stratified in such a way, to whom would the Brazilian point in order to deflect attention away from their own racial reality? Footnotes (1) Gomes, Nilma Lino. Sem perder a raiz: Corpo e cabelo como símbolos da identidade negra. Autêntica Editora, 2006. (2) Magalhães, Mário. "Vizinha é condenada por racismo após soltar cão em festa". Folha de São Paulo. September 22, 2006. Available online October 17, 2006.http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u126216.shtml (3) Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. 1967 (1952) Grove Press. (4) Oliveira, Iolanda. Desigualdades Raciais: Contruções da Infância e da Juventude. Intertexto, 1999. The following bibliography is for this article and past articles written by Mark Wells and posted at BRAZZIL.com since January 11, 2007. These articles include: By Making the US a Racial Hell Brazil Can See Itself As Eden
Written by Mark Wells
Thursday, 11 January 2007
http://www.brazzil.com/content/view/9774/80/ It's All a Matter of Class Not Color, Say Brazilians. Just Another Myth!
Written by Mark Wells
Friday, 12 January 2007
http://www.brazzil.com/content/view/9775/80/ Blackness's Fear and Stigma Make Brazil a 6% Black Country
Written by Mark Wells
Sunday, 14 January 2007
http://www.brazzil.com/content/view/9776/80/ Brazil's Own One Drop Rule
Written by Mark Wells
Tuesday, 16 January 2007
http://www.brazzil.com/content/view/9779/80/ Through Globo TV Lenses Brazil Is a White Dreamland
Written by Mark Wells
Friday, 19 January 2007
http://www.brazzil.com/content/view/9781/80/ Contrary to Myth, Brazil Is Ashamed of Being Mestizo
Written by Mark Wells
Monday, 22 January 2007
http://www.brazzil.com/content/view/9784/80/ In Race Matters the US Is Becoming More and More Like Brazil
Written by Mark Wells
Monday, 29 January 2007
http://www.brazzil.com/content/view/9789/80/ Brazil's Biggest Show on Earth Is Also a Way to Keep Blacks in Their Place
Written by Mark Wells
Wednesday, 07 February 2007
http://www.brazzil.com/content/view/9799/80/ Brazil's False Image of Racial Harmony Has Accomplice: the Black Population
Written by Mark Wells Tuesday, 13 February 2007
http://www.brazzil.com/content/view/9805/80/ BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, Ricky Lee. "The Globalization of White Supremacy: Toward a Critical Discourse on the Racialization of the World. " Educational Theory, Fall 2001, Vol. 51, number 4. University of Illinois. Alvez, Daniel. "Preconceito sem fim". Correio Braziliense. Available online August 23, 2005.
http://www.fetecpr.org.br/service/noticias/default_ver.asp?varid=4569. Amnesty International USA. "Stop Violence Against Women: Rape as a Tool of War".
http://www.amnestyusa.org/stopviolence/factsheets/rapeinwartime.html Andrews, George Reid. Blacks and Whites in São Paulo, Brazil, 1888-1988. University of Wisconsin Press. 1991. Antrax Comércio e Serviços de Informática Ltda. "Classes Sociais do Brasil". Available online http://www.ai.com.br/pessoal/indices/CLASSES.HTM Araújo, Joel Zito. A negação do Brasil: O negro na telenovela brasileira. Editora SENAC. São Paulo 2000. Astor, Michael. "Racial democracy a myth: Carnival reveals cracks of Brazil 's racial divide". Associated Press. February 7, 2000. Available online. April 21, 2001.
http://www.canoe.ca/CNEWSFeatures0002/07_brazil.html Bastide, Roger and Fernandes, Florestan. Brancos e negros em São Paulo. São Paulo, 2nd. edition, 1959 Bernard, Michelle D. "Brown Sugar - Its not so sweet". Independent Women's Forum. April 30, 2004. Available online June 2, 2006. Bertolino, Élidi. "Racismo no trânsito. " Raça Brasil magazine. No. 37. September 1999. Brigham, John C. and David J. Ready. "Own-race bias in lineup construction". Law and Human Behavior. Volume 9, Number 4, December 1985. Brown, Jodi M. and Patrick A. Langan. "Policing and Homicide, 1976-98: Justifiable Homicide of Felons by Police and Murder of Police by Felons". Available online April 24, 2006. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ph98.pdf Camino, Leoncio; da Silva, Patrícia; Machado, Aline and Pereira, Cícero. "A Face Oculta do Racismo no Brasil: Uma Análise Psicossociológica". Revista Psicologia Política. Volume 1, Number 1, Jan./June 2001. Available online April 22, 2006.
http://www.fafich.ufmg.br/~psicopol/pdfv1r1/Leoncio.pdf Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and Ianni, Octávio. Côr e Mobilidade Social em Florianópolis: Aspectos das Relações entre negros e brancos numa comunidade do Brasil Meridional. Companhia Editora Nacional, São Paulo. 1960. Carneiro, Maria Luiza Tucci. Preconceito Racial no Brasil-Colônia: Os cristãos-novos. São Paulo: Editora Brasiliense, 1983 Carneiro, Sueli. "Negros de pele clara".
http://www.cedefes.org.br/noticia.asp?acao=leitura&idmateria=9TXUG Carneiro, Sueli. "Uma dívida de sangue". O Fundamental e a Gente.
http://www.mujeresdelsur.org.uy/campana/libro_port5.htm Carone, Iray and Bento, Maria Aparecida Silva (orgs.). Psicologia Social do Racismo: estudos sobre branquitude e branqueamento no Brasil. 2 ed. Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro. Editora Vozes. 2003 Cavalleiro, Eliane. Do Silêncio do Lar ao Silêncio Escolar: Racismo, preconceito e discriminação na educação infantil. 2nd Printing. Editora Contexto. São Paulo. 2003. Charles Chestnutt Digital Archive. Berea College website. "Lynching Statistics". Available online August 13, 2006.
http://www.berea.edu/faculty/browners/chesnutt/classroom/lynchingstat.html Chappell, David L. Inside Agitators: White Southerners in the Civil Rights Movement. John Hopkins University Press. 1994 CNN. "Most Americans see lingering racism - in others". Available online December 17, 2006. http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/12/12/racism.poll/index.html Cotes, Paloma and Solange Azevedo. "Polícia que não funciona". Época magazine, #311. May 3, 2004. Cotta, Elaine and Ariana Nicacio. "Negros na elite - Participação de afrodescendentes nas classes A e B sob". Istoé magazine, #455, June 7, 2006. Cristaldo, Janer. "A Extinção do Mulato".http://www.midiasemmascara.org/artigo.php?sid=4501 Cristaldo, Janer. "A Trap for Blacks". http://www.brazzil.com/content/view/3516/31/ Cristaldo, Janer. "Afrobrazilianists: Such Arrogance!"
http://www.brazzil.com/content/view/503/30/ Cruz, Cíntia. "Olhar de negra".Viva Favela website. November 15, 2006. Available online. November 16, 2006. http://www.vivafavela.com.br. D'Adesky. Jacques. "Ação Afirmativa e igualdade de oportunidades". FASE, mimeo, November 2000. http://www.achegas.net/numero/vinteesete/jacques_27.htm D'Adesky, Jacques. Pluralismo étnico e multiculturalismo: Racismos e anti-racismos no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas. 2001 Da Costa, Emilia Viotti. The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories. Revised Edition. University of North Carolina Press. 2000 Da Silva, Benedita. "The Black Movement and Political Parties: A Challenging Alliance". In Racial Politics in Contemporary Brazil. Michael Hanchard (editor). Duke University Press. 1999. Damiani, Marco; Studart, Hugo; Leite, Janaína. "Benedita e o Afro-Turismo". http://www.terra.com.br/istoedinheiro/296/poder/ Daniel, G. Reginald. Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths? Penn State University Press 2006 Degler, Carl. Neither Black nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States. University of Wisconsin Press, 1971. Democracy Now. "50 Bullets: Rev. Al Sharpton & Amadou Diallo's Mother Condemn NYPD Killing of Groom Sean Bell Hours Before His Wedding". Available online December 1, 2006. http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=06/11/28/1454244 Dias Filho, Antonio Jonas. "As Mulatas que não estão no Mapa. " Cadernos Pagu (6/7), Núcleo de Estudos de Gênero - Pagu/Unicamp, 1996 Diaz, Pablo. "A Response to Mark Wells. " BRAZZIL. Forum.
http://www.brazzilrace.com/viewtopic.php?t=6 Dimenstein, Gilberto. O cidadão de papel: A infância, a adolescência e os Direitos Humanos no Brasil. São Paulo, Ática, 2000. Domingues, Petrônio. Uma História Não Contada - negro, racismo e branqueamento em São Paulo no pós-abolição. São Paulo: Ed. Senac, 2005 Edmonds, Alexander. "No Universo da Beleza: Notas de Campo sobre Cirurgia Plástica no Rio de Janeiro," in M. Goldenberg (ed). Nu & Vestido: dez antropólogos revelam a cultura do corpo carioca. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2002 Edward, J. 2000. "Quem somos nós?". Veja magazine, #1680, December 20, 2000. Available online June 14, 2004.
http://publicacoes.gene.com.br/Imprensa_genealogia/Quem%20somos%20nós%20(Parte%203)@
This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
Estudos Avançados. "A difícil tarefa de definir quem é negro no Brasil": Entrevista de Kabengele Munanga". Estudos Avançados. 18 (50), 2004. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ea/v18n50/a05v1850.pdf Faustino, Oswaldo. "Consciência Negra começa cedo". Raça Brasil. Issue 80. November 2004. Feldman, Glenn. "Soft Opposition: Elite Acquiescence and Klan- Sponsored Terrorism in Alabama, 1946-1950. " Historical Journal, Volume 40, #3, September 1997. Fernandes, Andréia and Gonçalves, Camila. "Modelos protestam contra falta de negros nos desfiles". Redação Terra. [Available online March 22, 2006].
http://www.terra.com.br/exclusivo/spfashionweek2001/2001/07/03/003.htm Fernandes, Nelito and Solange Azevedo and Paloma Cotes. "O crime mora na classe média". Época magazine. Issue 384. September 25, 2005. Available online July 13, 2006. http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Epoca/0,6993,EPT1040892-1664-1,00.html Garrett, Aaron. Of Racism and Remembrance. vol. 1, # 4, July 2001. Available online August 14, 2006. http://www.common-place.org/vol-01/no-04/garrett/ Goldstein, Donna. Laughter Out of Place: Race, Class, Violence and Sexuality in a Rio Shantytown. University of California Press. November 2003. Golzio, Derval Gomes, Thiago de Andrade Gomes, Tiago de Melo"O racismo impregnado no pensamento da sociedade". Observatório da Imprensa. #374, March 28, 2006. Available online July 16, 2006.
http://observatorio.ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/artigos.asp?cod=374CID006 Gomes, Américo. "As verdadeiras vítimas da banalização da violência". Jornal Opinião Socialista. Issue no. 164. December 3, 2003 - January 28, 2004. Available online September 17, 2005.
http://www.pstu.org.br/jornal_materia.asp?id=1512&ida=0 Gomes, Nilma Lino. Sem perder a raiz: Corpo e cabelo como símbolos da identidade negra. Autêntica Editora, 2006. Gomes, Tiago de Melo. "Massais, mulatas, meretrizes: imagens da sexualidade feminina no Rio de Janeiro dos anos 1920". Cadernos Pagu, Campinas, v. 23, 2004. Available online July 16, 2006. www.scielo.br/pdf/cpa/n23/n23a05.pdf Gonzalez, Lélia. O Lugar de Negro. Editora Marco Zero Limitada. Rio de Janeiro 1982. Guimarães, Antonio Sérgio Alfredo. "O insulto racial: as ofensas verbais registradas em queixas de discriminação". Estudos Afro-Asiáticos. December 2000, #38 Available online March 23, 2005.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-
546X2000000200002&lng=en&nrm=iso Hanchard, Michael (editor). Racial Politics in Contemporary Brazil Duke University Press 1999 Harris, Cheryl. "Whiteness as Property". Harvard Law Review, Vol. 106, No. 8, June 1993. Hasenbalg, Carlos. "Perspectives on Race and Class in Brazil" in Crook, Larry and Johnson, Randal. Black Brazil: Culture, Identity, and Social Mobilization. UCLA Latin American Center Publications, Los Angeles, 1999 Hoglund, Dr. Anna T. "Gender and War". Whydah: Information and Policy Magazine. Volume 11, Nos. 1 & 2. January - June 2002. Available online June 14, 2006. http://www.aasciences.org/whydah/feature3.htm Human Rights Watch. Police Brutality in Urban Brazil. Human Rights Watch, 1997. Instituto Observatório Social. "Sem ter o que comemorar, negros protestaram nesta segunda". Available online Augsut 13, 2006. http://www.observatoriosocial.org.br/portal/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=1096&Itemid=89 Jo/Agência Anhangüera. "Onde estão os"brancos"?" Available online April 22, 2006.
http://brasil.indymedia.org/pt/red/2004/10/292534.shtml Kottak, Conrad Phillip. Cultural Anthropology (EIGHTH EDITION). McGraw Hill 2000 Levy, Patrick. Afro-Brazilian Market Potencial. U.S. Department of Commerce. Available online April 24, 2006.
http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/en/gr-78701e.html Machado, Igor José de Renó. "Brazilian Immigration and the Reconstruction of Racial Hierarchies of the Portuguese Empire". Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology. Volume 1. January to December, 2004. Magalhães, Mário. "Vizinha é condenada por racismo após soltar cão em festa". Folha de São Paulo. September 22, 2006. Available online. October 17, 2006.
http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u126216.shtml Martin, Charles. "Brazil: Such Nightmares, Such Dreams". Black Renaissance. Dec 31, 1998. Vol.2, Issue 1. Martins, Sérgio da Silva; Carlos Alberto Medeiros, and Elisa Larkin Nascimento"Paving Paradise: The Road From"Racial Democracy" to Affirmative Action in Brazil. "Journal of Black Studies Vol. 34, No. 6, 2004 Mattos, Laura. "Domésticas entram na Justiça contra novela". Folha de S. Paulo. September 22, 2003. Available online June 1, 2006
http://observatorio.ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/artigos/asp23092003993.htm Mattoso, Katia M. de Queirós. To Be a Slave in Brazil: 1550-1888. Rutgers University Press 1994. McLaren, Peter; Leonardo, Zeus; Allen, Ricky Lee. "Epistemologies of Whiteness" in Mahalingham and McCarthy, Multicultural Curriculum, 110 Melo, Liana. "Igualdade racial é blefe". Available online August 16, 2006.
http://www.terra.com.br/istoe/1672/economia/1672_igualdade_racial.htm Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2004. "Hitler, Adolf". Available online July 24, 2004. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556540_3/Hitler.html. Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2004. "Holocaust". Available online July 24, 2004. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559508/Holocaust.html Moore, Robert B. "Racism in the English Language" in Rosemblum, Karen E.; Travis, Toni-Michelle C. The Meaning of Difference: American Constructions of Race, Sex and Gender, Social Class, and Sexual Orientation. McGraw-Hill. 2003. Motta, Athayde. "Genética e realidade: Contra a genética, o conhecimento. "
http://www.afirma.inf.br/textos/destaque_janeiro.rtf Moreno, Veracley Lima. "Questões de honra": Sexualidade feminina e sociedade em São Luís na virada do século". Outros Tempos. Vol. 2, 2005. ISSN. 1808-8031.
http://www.outrostempos.uema.br/artigo14.doc. Moura, Clóvis. História do Negro Brasileiro. Editora Ática. 1992 Moutinho, Laura. Zonas de sombra e silêncio. Revista Democracia Viva (online). IBASE-online - No. 19, Rio de Janeiro, 30 jan. 2004.
http://www.ibase.br/pubibase/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?infoid=546&sid=140 Movimento de Conscientização e Luta Social. "Pasquim e Frei David dos Santos. Entrevista" online http://www.mcls-rj.org/entrevfreidavid1.htm Nazzari, Muriel. "Concubinage in Colonial Brazil: the Inequalities of Race, Class and Gender". Journal of Family History. Volume 21, April 1996. Norvell, John. "A Brancura Desconfortável das Camadas Médias Brasileiras". Maggie, Yvonne e Rezende, C. B. (orgs.) Raça como Retórica: a construção da diferença. Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileira, 2001. Okwu, Julian C.R. Face Forward: Young African-American Men in a Critical Age. Chronicle Books. 1997. Oliveira, Evilazio de. "Movimento Negro cai na armadilha acadêmica". Online
http://www.cartadigital.com/materia18.htm Oliveira, Fabiana. "Beleza afro-fashion". Viva Favela website. November 30, 2006. Available online. December 1, 2006. http://www.vivafavela.com.br. Oliveira, Fátima. "Ser negro no Brasil: alcances e limites". Estudos Avançados. vol.18, #50. São Paulo 2004. Available online June16, 2006.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0103-
40142004000100006&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt Oliveira, Iolanda. Desigualdades Raciais: Contruções da Infância e da Juventude. Intertexto, 1999. Pena, Sérgio Danilo. "Os múltiplos significados da palavra raça". Folha de S. Paulo, December 21, 2002. Available online August 23, 2003.
http://publicacoes.gene.com.br/Imprensa_genealogia/Os%20m%C3% BAltiplos%20significados%20da%20palavra%20ra%C3%A7a@Folha%20de%20S%
C3%A3o%20Paulo@21-12-2002_arquivos/fz2112200209.htm. Petrucelli, José Luis and Moema Teixeira. "O que não se diz". O Globo. Available online
www.unicamp.br/unicamp/canal_aberto/clipping/dezembro2004/clipping041206_oglobo.html Pinheiro, Daniela. "A classe média negra". Revista Veja. Issue 1611, year 32, #33. São Paulo, Editora Abril, August 8, 1999. Piovesan, Flavia; James Louis Cavallaro, Jamie Benvenuto Lima, Jr., Jose Fernando da Silva, Lucioano Oliveira and Valdenia Brito. 2001. Execuções Sumárias, Arbitrárias ou Extrajudiciais, Uma Aproximação da Realidade Brasileira. Recife: Companhia Editora de Pernambuco. 2001. Piza, Edith. "Branco no Brasil? Ninguém sabe, ninguém viu" in Guimarães, Antonio Sérgio Alfredo & Huntley, Lynn. (Orgs.) Tirando a Máscara: Ensaios sobre o Racismo no Brasil. São Paulo. Paz e Terra/SEF. 2000. Proctor, Bernadette and Joseph Dalaker. "Poverty in the United States: 2001". Available online September 24, 2003. http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p60-219.pdf Prado, Antonio Carlos. "O dentista tiradentes". Istoé. #1793. February 18, 2004. Available online August 13, 2005.
http://www.terra.com.br/istoe/1793/brasil/1793_dentista_tiradentes.htm Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento. Relatório de Desenvolvimento Humano: Racismo, pobreza e violência. Brasil 2005. Queiroz Júnior, Teófilo de. Preconceito de Cor e a Mulata na Literatura Brasileira. Editora Ática, São Paulo. 1982 Quist-Adade, Charles. "What is 'race' and what is 'racism'?" New African. April 2006. No. 450. Ramos, Alberto Guerreiro. Introdução Critica à Sociologia Brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Andes, 1957 Ramos, Alberto and Marina Oliveira. "Sem medo de revelar a cor". Correio Braziliense. May 9, 2002. Ramos, Silvia. "Police Violence in Rio de Janeiro: from Beatings to the Use of Lethal Force". Rede Social de Justiça e Direitos Humanos. Available online August 16, 2006. http://www.social.org.br/relatorioingles2005/relatorio010.htm Reichmann, Rebecca (editor). Race in Contemporary Brazil: From Indifference to Inequality. Pennsylvania State University Press. 1999. Reis, Eneida de Almeida dos. Mulato: negro-não-negro e/ou branco-não-branco. Editora Altana. 2002. Reuters Limited. "Study: Racism kills black men". March 26, 1998. Available online August 16, 2006. http://www.social.org.br/relatorioingles2005/relatorio010.htm Rodrigues, Greice and Rita Moraes. "O negro é invisível''. Isto É magazine. March 5, 2003. http://www.terra.com.br/istoe/1744/1744vermelhas.htm Rosemblum, Karen E.; Travis, Toni-Michelle C. The Meaning of Difference: American Constructions of Race, Sex and Gender, Social Class, and Sexual Orientation. McGraw-Hill. 2003. Rufino, Alzira. "Resultados da reunião sobre o caso de violência contra a mulher em JK". Etnia na TV.
http://www.eticanatv.org.br/pagina_new.php?id_new=152&idioma=0 Rufino dos Santos, Joel. "O Negro como lugar". Raça, Ciência e Sociedade. Editora Fiocruz - Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, 1996. Sansone, Livio. Negritude sem etnicidade: o local e o global nas relações raciais e na produção cultural negra do Brasil. Salvador/Rio de Janeiro, Edufba/Pallas, 2003. Santos, Sales Augusto dos. "Historical Roots of the"Whitening" of Brazil". Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2002. Sartre, Jean-Paul. Anti-Semite and Jew: An Exploration of the Etiology of Hate. Schocken: Reissue edition 1995. Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. "Questão racial no Brasil". In Lilia Moritz Schwarcz and Letícia Vidor de Sousa Reis (editors), Negras imagens. São Paulo, EDUSP, 1997. Sheriff, Robin. Dreaming Equality: Color, Race, and Racism in Urban Brazil. Rutgers University Press, 2001. Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. "Not black, not white: just the opposite. Culture, race and national identity in Brazil". Working paper no. 47, Center for Brazilian Studies, University of Oxford, 2003. Available online April 16, 2006.
www.brazil.ox.ac.uk/workingpapers/Schwarcz47.pdf Schwartzmann, Luisa Farah. "Does Money Whiten? Educational Mobility of Parents and the Racial Classification of Children in Brazil. " Available online September 21, 2004
http://www.iuperj.br/rc28/papers/Luisa_Schwartzman_paper%5B1%5D.pdf Setti, Adriana. "Vergonha na folia". Pontox website. Available online. April 21, 2001.
http://www.pontox.com.br/marrom/clip/clipmarrom_02061999_001.htm. Simpson, Amelia Xuxa: The Mega-Marketing of Gender, Race, and Modernity. Temple University Press. 1993. Soares, Luiz Eduardo. Inclusão Social e as Perspectivas Pós-Estruturalistas de Análise Social. Seminário Internacional. Available online August 16, 2005.
http://fundaj.gov.br/geral/inclusao/luizeduardo.pdf Sodré, Muniz. Claros e Escuros: Identidade, povo e mídia no Brasil. Editora Vozes. Petrópolis. 1999 Souza, Lídio de e Menandro, Paulo Rogério Meira. Vidas apagadas: vítimas de linchamentos ocorridos no Brasil (1990-2000). www.fafich.ufmg.br/~psicopol/pdfv2n4/Capitulo%204.pdf Souza, Maria Adélia Aparecida de. "Milton por Maria Adélia" in Souza, Maria Adélia Aparecida de (editor). O mundo do cidadão. Um cidadão do mundo. Hucitec, 1996.
Nossa Casa website. Available online. April 23, 2004.
http://nossacasa.net/dire/texto.asp?texto=68l Stam, Robert. Tropical Multiculturalism: A Comparative History of Race in Brazilian Cinema and Culture. Duke. 1997. Sztybel, David. Abraham Lincoln: Dark Side of a Liberator. Available online August 16, 2006. http://sztybel.tripod.com/lincoln.html Teixeira, Moema de Poli; Maria Lúcia Rodrigues Muller, Iolanda de Oliveira and André Augusto P. Brandão. Projeto Políticas de Ação Afirmativa nas Universidades Federal Fluminense e Federal do Mato Grosso. Brasil, ABEP 2002. Available online September 23, 2004. http://www.lpp-uerj.net/olped/documentos/ppcor/0134.pdf Telles, Edward. Racismo à Brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Relume Dumará, 2003. Terra. "BBs"lavam roupa suja" e Cris leva prêmio extra. " April 12, 2004. Available online. January 26, 2006. http://exclusivo.terra.com.br/bbb4/interna/0,,OI292209-EI2533,00.html Terra. "Não sou racista", diz Marcela. March 24, 2004. Available online. January 26, 2006. http://exclusivo.terra.com.br/bbb4/interna/0,,OI283352-EI2533,00.html Turra, Cleusa; Venturi, Gustavo (editors). Racismo cordial: a mais completa análise sobre preconceito de cor no Brasil. Editora Ática, 1995. Twine, France Winddance. Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil. Rutgers University Press, 1998. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs' Bureau of Justice Statistics. Available online http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/tables/justifytab.htm Vargas, João H. Costa. "Hyperconsciousness of Race and Its Negation: The Dialectic of White Supremacy in Brazil. " Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power. Volume 11, No. 4, October-December 2004. Vaz, Paulo Bernardo Ferreira and Frederico de Mello Brandão Tavares. "O Negro-Mestiço e a Narrativa Fotojornalística: Um Outro Nos Cadernos"Cidade"". Anais do 26o Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências da Informação, Belo Horizonte-MG, September 2003. São Paulo: Intercom, 2003. WEBTAL. "Juliana e Marcela estão no"Paredão" desta Terça-Feira. " March 22, 2004. Available online. January 26, 2006. http://www.webtal.com.br/noticia.php?cd=735 Wells, Mark. "Where Did All the Blacks Go?" Brazzil, March 2003. http://www.brazzil.com/pages/p148mar03.htm Westphalen, Cecília Maria. "A Mulher no Universo de Casa-Grande & Senzala". http://nmnt.fgf.org.br/artigos/a_mulher.html Zahn, Paula. "Skin-Deep: Racism in America". CNN. December 12, 2006. Available Online December 17, 2006.
http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0612/12/pzn.01.html Zajovic, Stasa. "The political uses of religion, culture and ethnicity". Women Against Fundamentalisms. Journal number 7. 1995. http://waf.gn.apc.org/journal7p13.htm This is part ten and last of a multi-piece article. Mark Wells holds a Bachelor's Degree in Anthropology from the University of Michigan-Dearborn and is currently working on a Master's Degree in Social Justice at Marygrove College in Detroit, Michigan. He can be reached at quilombhoje72@yahoo. © 2007 Mark Wells
| 
Subscribe to this comment's feed
Without it the US would be what Brazil is today. A bunch of people living together without any racial segregation (black neighborhoods, white neighborhoods, etc). The would be no reason to point fingers since we would be equal.
This is probably one of you worst articles, the others seemed to have more content, this one seems to just sensationalistic. The image used for it of Xuxa, she is a blonde TV hostess, and as I see it she is just as brazilian as anybody else. I think this is one american racism "feature", they believe "blondeness" are their exclusivity. So seeing somebody like Xuxa being successful in Brazil can only be the indication of "denial" and "racism" because brazilians are all brown or black, aren't they?
First, nobody is taught to adore anything. People will always find things about their bodies they don't like, be it black or not. Yes, the type of hair from blacks are not the most popular one, but a lot of other features from all races. White women with a flat body aren't also the most popular ones. People without any tan, as white as the background of this webpage, are also not the most popular ones. Do I need to mention fat people? All those things are silly but they happen.
This is only a matter of self-esteem from the individual, not anything that's forced upon them. What prevents people from feeling good about themselves even if they are fat, not tanned, flat assed or with black type of hair? The point is that there's no"white men conspiracy" to make blacks to feel bad about themselves. The same way there's no "skinny people conspiracy" to make fatties to feel bad about themselves or "big assed women conspiracy" to make the flat ones to feel bad.
Not sure how making blacks look like poor and oppressed people will help. Wouldn't it hurt their self-steem more than anything else? I have met a few that were very sure of themselves and very capable, I am sure they wouldn't like such characterization. The very quantity of mixing along is evidence that blacks are not considered less than humans.
Your argumentation of "seeking a lighter skinned partner" is illogical. Doesn't the will of the other person count? Why do people accept "darker skinned" partners, if everyone is racist as you say? Wouldn't that be bad for themselves, and lower the "level or privilege" of their offspring?
The very fact you think people are different based on race is racism. Just like have done extensively here.