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Eduardo Bueno is a well-known Brazilian historian with the rare quality of also being a very good writer. He dazzles at the same time that he educates the reader. Helping us to understand the present and imagine the future, he reveals Brazil's past as he describes our prior reality.
In his latest book, A coroa, a cruz e a espada (The crown, the cross and the sword) he relates the history of our first great Brazilian magistrate, Pero Borges V, the "auditor general." King Manuel III appointed "V," as he was then called, to this post in 1548. Eduardo Buenos says that in 1543, when he was "corregidor" (a sort of Court of Appeals judge) in a Portuguese province, Pero Borges "was in charge of supervising the construction of an aqueduct" but "was receiving quantities of money that were taken to him at his home." The investigations proved that the judge had diverted 114,064 reais, 1.05 kilos of gold. Because of this, he was ordered to return that money and was banned for three years from occupying any public office. He was, nevertheless, appointed to accompany our first governor general, Tomé de Sousa, to Brazil and given maximum charge of the country's judicial apparatus as a sort of president of the Supreme Court with all the power. For this duty he would have received the maximum salary, in the amount of 200 thousand reais per year (the money at that time was also called "reais"). Four hundred reais would have been the equivalent of a "cruzado," which equaled 3.5 grams of gold. In that epoch, according to the historian Bueno, the minimum wage ("menor soldo") paid in Portugal was 360 reais per month. (By coincidence the Brazilian minimum wage today is the same number and the currency has the same name). In other words, the kingdom's highest salary paid was 44 times greater than the minimum wage at the time. Today, the maximum monthly salary of the deputies, senators and Supreme Court justices is 24.5 thousand reais (US$ 11.4 thousand), or 66 times greater than the present minimum wage. In these 500 years, the rate of inequality between the minimum wage and the top salary has increased from 44 times to 66 times as much. Obviously, there are flaws in comparing worlds that are so different. When we make adaptations for the present time, the inequality is even greater. In the 16th century, despite his 44-times-greater top salary, Corregidor General V had a doctor whose knowledge was the same as that of the doctor of the exile sent to Brazil, little more than that of the medicine man of the indigenous tribes living here. In spite of the inequality, the conditions of housing, transportation and children's schooling were all fairly similar for both rich and poor. There were no airplanes or cars, Intensive Care Units or medical check-ups, bathrooms or air conditioning. Today, the beneficiaries of the maximum salary have much greater buying power than that of the poor minimum-wage recipients in terms of the comfort of their housing, their children's schools, their means of transportation and, above all, their quality of medical care. In the 16th century, there was not much difference in the life expectancy of the poor and the rich. Today the rich live, on the average, many years longer than the poor, thanks to the health services that they are able to buy. In the 16th century, moreover, security was better. Despite the wars with the indigenous tribes, life must have been safer. It would have been difficult for the Corregidor General to be assaulted on the road between the port and the city, as happens today to those who receive the maximum salary. It is perhaps because of the growing inequality that we have growing insecurity and an uncertain future. A future made uncertain by the conduct of those at the top of the social pyramid who will have to confront those at the bottom. And it is uncertain because it puts the democracy itself in check. Upon giving themselves raises in pay so many times above the minimum wage when their salaries were already so many times greater, the Congress and the Justice system have lost credibility, demoralizing the democracy. This is even worse when the Executive Branch shows disdain for the institutions. On the same day that the Congress raised its own salary by 92%, President Lula twice made public his displeasure with the intermediation between the Executive Branch and the people. The direct link of the charismatic leader with the people remains justified, in public opinion, by the demoralization of the legislative and judicial branches. Even graver than the impact upon finances is the impact upon confidence. Cristovam Buarque has a Ph.D. in economics. He is a PDT senator for the Federal District and was Governor of the Federal District (1995-98) and Minister of Education (2003-04). He was a presidential candidate this year. You can visit his homepage - www.cristovam.com.br - and write to him at
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. Translated from the Portuguese by Linda Jerome -
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I am pissed off just like you about this self annoyted pay rise. But I cant do anything except whings and complain.
You need my help happy to help out. But you are able to do something. And we need more people like you. Stop this rape of brasil por favor. These guys are just thieves and bandidos.